After 1819, Singapore saw the introduction of modern institutions such as a police force and schools. Munshi Abdullah bore witness to these changes and was excited about this new world, but he expressed sadness at the passing of the old.

After 1819, Singapore attracted an influx of migrants from nearby regions. Tapping on established networks forged by pioneers from diverse backgrounds, many moved to Singapore enticed by the free port’s trading opportunities, Farquhar’s reputation and Sultan Hussein’s newfound fortunes.

Singapore became a bustling town where immigrants flocked to seek better opportunities. They filled jobs in new industries like the gambier plantations. While some built new lives here or eventually returned home wealthy, others succumbed to vices and debt.

The opening of the Suez Canal boosted Singapore’s trade and expanded its networks, leading to a time of prosperity. However, Singapore’s new openness also meant increased vulnerability to the impact of global events and external forces.

In the years prior to World War II, Singapore increased expenditure on education and public health. Meanwhile, economic prosperity led to the emergence of a middle class, while English-educated Asians began to take on leadership roles through new political avenues.